The skyline of Lower Manhattan is reflected on the top of a monument as wildfire smoke from Canada shrouds the sunrise in New York City on July 18, 2026, as seen from Jersey City, New Jersey. | Gary Hershorn/Getty Images
In 2019, the AI researcher Rich Sutton published a short essay called “The Bitter Lesson.” Seventy years of AI research, he argued, kept demonstrating the same thing: The most effective ways to train AI rely on raw, brute-force computing power — simply scaling up — rather than clever approaches built on human insight. It didn’t matter how elegant the researchers’ work...
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